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activities, such as shifting to crops that require less water and improving soil and moisture conservation Fader , bull dog bullvengers marvel avengers dogs lover shirt Hong and Yabe, Sikka . Currently, the feasibility of improving irrigation efficiency is constrained by issues of replicability across scale and sustainability over time ,

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demonstrations, deploying the technology at scale is still a considerable challenge, though both optimistic Lackner , and pessimistic outlooks exist Pritchard . Weathering is the natural process of rock decomposition via chemical and physical processes in which CO is spontaneously consumed and converted to solid or dissolved alkaline bicarbonates andor carbonates . The process is controlled by temperature, reactive surface area, interactions with biota and, in particular, water solution composition. CDR can be achieved by accelerating mineral weathering through the distribution of ground-up rock material over land  or the open ocean. Ocean alkalinization adds alkalinity to marine areas to locally increase the CO buffering capacity of the ocean bull dog bullvengers marvel avengers dogs lover shirt Synergies with other policy goals are possible see also Section ..; for example, land spared by diet shifts could be afforested Röös , or used for energy crops Grubler . Such land-sparing strategies could also benefit other land-based CDR options. Evidence on carbon dioxide removal abatement costs, deployment potentials, and key side effects. Integrating and promoting green urban infrastructure into city planning can be difficult Leck , but increases urban resilience to impacts of . warming Table . in ways that can be more cost-effective than conventional infrastructure Cartwright , Culwick and Bobbins. Nexus approaches that highlight urban areas as socio-ecological systems can support policy coherence and sustainable urban livelihoods Biggs . The water energy food nexus is especially important to growing urban populations TReducing the energy embodied in building materials provides further energy and GHG savings  in particular through increased use of bio-based materials Lupíšek , and wood construction Ramage .

The United Nations Environment Programme estimates that improving embodied energy, thermal performance, and direct energy use of buildings can reduce emissions by , with an additional reduction of  through energy efficient appliances and lighting . Further increasing the energy efficiency of appliances and lighting, heating and cooling offers the potential for further savings . There is low evidence and high agreement that reducing the impact of local stresses Halpern , will improve the resilience of marine ecosystems as they transition to a . world O’Leary . Approaches to reducing local stresses are considered feasible, cost-effective and highly scalable. Ecosystem resilience may be increased through alternative livelihoods , sustainable aquaculture, which are among a suite of options for building resilience in coastal ecosystems. These options enjoy high levels of feasibility yet are expensive, which stands in the way of scalability Hiwasaki , Brugnach . However, the focus on forests raises concerns of cross-biome leakage, and encroachment on other ecosystems Veldman . Reducing rates of deforestation constrains the land available for agriculture and grazing, with trade-offs between diets, higher yields and food prices Erb , a; Kreidenweis . Forest restoration and conservation are compatible with biodiversity Rey Benayas , Jantke , and available water resources; in the tropics, reducing rates of deforestation maintains cooler surface temperatures Perugini , and rainfall Ellison . Recent studies explore options for conservation, restoration and improved land management estimating up to GtCO Griscom . Mitigation potentials are dominated by reduced rates of deforestation, reforestation and forest management, and concentrated in tropical regions Houghton, Canadell and Schulze, Grace , Houghton , Griscom . Much of the literature focuses on REDD as an institutional mechanism. However, restoration and management activities need not be limited to REDD, and locally adapted implementation may keep costs low, capitalize on co-benefits and ensure consideration of competing for socio-economic goals Jantke , Ellison , Perugini , Spencer . Improvements in irrigation efficiency would need to be supplemented with ancillary

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