governments at various levels, but also by individuals, communities, profit-making organizations, trade french bulldog frenchievengers marvel avengers dogs lover shirt organizations, and other non-governmental actors Feedback provision is generally effective in promoting mitigation behaviour within households
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technologies are embedded, how resources are linked, how cultures relate and what values people associate with the transition and the current regime. This section builds on the insights on mitigation options in Section , applies the assessment methodology along feasibility dimensions and indicators explained in Section ., and synthesizes the assessment of the enabling conditions in Section .. Blended injection of liquidity has monetary implications. Some argue that this questions the premise that money should remain neutral Annicchiarico and Di . Central banks or financial regulators could act as a facilitator of last resort for low-emission financing instruments, which could in turn lower the systemic risk of stranded assets Safarzyńska and van den Bergh. french bulldog frenchievengers marvel avengers dogs lover shirt This may, in time, lead to the use of carbon-based monetary instruments to diversify reserve currencies Jaeger , and differentiate reserve requirements Rozenberg , in the context of a climate-friendly . Assuming that a quarter of these investments comes from public funds as estimated by the World Bank; World Bank, a, the amount of private resources needed to enable an energy sector transition is between . and . of annual capital income and between . and . of these revenues for all infrastructure to meet the limit and the SDGs. Box . shows that the average estimate by seven models of annual investment needs in the energy system is around
This represents between . . of the world GDP in market exchange rates and . of the world GDP in purchasing power parity . OECD investment assessments for a -consistent transition suggest that including investments in transportation and in other infrastructure would increase the investment needs by a factor of three. Other studies not included in Box , in particular by the World Economic Forum and the Global Commission on the Economy and Climate confirm these orders of magnitude of investment. At COP , the UNFCCC requested the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice to initiate the elaboration of the technology framework established under the Paris Agreement . Among other things, the technology framework would ‘provide overarching guidance for the work of the Technology Mechanism in promoting and facilitating enhanced action on technology development and transfer in order to support the implementation of this Agreement’ . An enhanced guidance issued by the Technology Executive Committee for preparing a technology action plan supports the new technology framework as well as the Parties’ long-term vision on technology development and transfer, reflected in the Paris Agreement . The use of sugarcane as a bioenergy source started in Brazil in the s. Government and multinational car factories modified car engines nationwide so that vehicles running only on ethanol could be produced. As demand grew, production and distribution systems matured and costs came down Soccol . After a transition period in which both ethanol-only and gasoline-only cars were used, the flex-fuel era started in , when all gasoline was blended with ethanol . By , around of the car fleet in Brazil had been converted to use flex-fuel Goldemberg, Su . Rapid improvement of performance and cost reduction is observed for many GPTs. They include AI, sensors, internet, memory storage and microelectromechanical systems. The latter GPTs are not usually categorized as climate technologies, but they can impact GHG emissions. Actions that reduce climate risks can be rewarded and facilitated, while actions that increase climate risks can be punished and inhibited, and behaviour change can be voluntary , information provision or imposed , by law; voluntary changes that involve rewards are more acceptable than imposed changes that restrict choices Policies punishing maladaptive behaviour can increase vulnerability when they reinforce socio-economic inequalities that typically produce the maladaptive behaviour in the first place Adger . Change can be initiated by
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