IAM projections have been conservative regarding deployment rates and cost reductions Creutzig , suggesting maltese mvengers marvel avengers dogs lover shirt that IAMs do not always impute actual rates of technological change resulting from influence of shocks, broader changes and mutually reinforcing factors in society and politics
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be up to . ; translating into an average of water requirements are estimated to average .CDR methods refer to a set of techniques for removing CO from the atmosphere. In the context of .-consistent pathways , they serve to offset residual emissions and, in most cases, achieve net negative emissions to return to . from an overshoot. See Cross-Chapter Box in Chapter for a synthesis of land-based CDR options. Cross-cutting issues and uncertainties are summarized in Table .. Table . provides an overview of three warming SLCFs and their emission sources, with examples of options for emission reductions and associated co-benefits. Drought and flood policies have had limited effectiveness in reducing vulnerability Marengo . In the absence of effective maltese mvengers marvel avengers dogs lover shirt adaptation, achieving the SDGs will be challenging, mainly in poverty, health, water and sanitation, inequality and gender equality Chapter , Assessment of overarching adaptation options in relation to enabling conditions. For more details, see Supplementary Material .SM.. DRM is a process for designing, implementing and evaluating strategies, policies and measures to improve the understanding of disaster risk, and promoting improvement in disaster preparedness, response and recovery . There is increased demand to integrate DRM and adaptation to reduce vulnerability, but institutional, technical and financial capacity challenges in frontline agencies constitute constraints Eakin , Kita, Wallace.
Overview of different mitigation options potentially consistent with limiting warming to . and applicable to main industrial sectors, including examples of application . Research assessing adaptation actions by industry indicates that only a small fraction of corporations has developed adaptation measures. Studies of adaptation in the private sector remain limited are largely absent. This knowledge gap is particularly evident for medium-sized enterprises and in low- and middle-income nations . Adaptation to a . world is enabled by urban design and spatial planning policies that consider extreme weather conditions and reduce displacement by climate related disasters The informal settlements of middle- and low-income cities, where urban density is more typically associated with a range of water- and vector-borne health risks, may provide a notable exception to the adaptive advantages of urban density Mitlin and Satterthwaite, Lilford , unless new approaches and technologies are harnessed to accelerate slum upgrading . In addition, low-carbon cities could reduce the need to deploy carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation modification Fink, Thomson and Newman. Working with coastal communities has the potential for improving the resilience of coastal ecosystems. Combined with the advantages of using indigenous knowledge to guide transitions, solutions can be more effective when undertaken in partnership with local communities, cultures, and knowledge See Box .. Despite international initiatives on wetland restoration and management through the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, policies have not been effective Finlayson, Finlayson . Institutional reform, such as flexible, locally relevant governance, drawing on principles of adaptive co-management, and multi-stakeholder participation becomes increasingly necessary for effective wetland management Capon , Finlayson . Despite ongoing gains in livestock productivity and volumes, the increase of animal products in global diets is restricting overall agricultural efficiency gains because of inefficiencies in the conversion of agricultural primary production , crops in the feed-animal products pathway Alexander , offsetting the benefits of improvements in livestock production systems . Some studies conduct a de-facto validation of IAM projections. For CO emission intensity over , this resulted in the IAMs projecting declining emission intensities while actual observations showed an increase. For individual technologies ,
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