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biochar production temperatures, varying between a few decades and several centuries Fang. Cross-Chapter our freedom isn’t free american patriots shirt Box in Chapter provides a discussion of role of . Chapter shows that .-consistent pathways require stringent reductions in CO and CH, and that non-CO climate forcers reduce carbon

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consistent pathways by assessing psycho-social factors related to climate action, as well as the effects and acceptability of policy approaches targeting climate actions that are consistent with .ºC. Box . and Box . illustrate how these have worked in practice. Indigenous knowledge refers to the understandings, skills and philosophies developed by societies with long histories of interaction with their natural surroundings . This knowledge can underpin the development of adaptation and mitigation strategies Ford , b; Green and Minchin, Pearce , Savo . GHG emissions are all expressed in units of CO-equivalence computed with -year global warming potentials our freedom isn’t free american patriots shirt reported in while the emissions for the . and scenarios in Table . are reported using the -year GWPs reported in IPCC AR, and are hence about higher. Water management is necessary in order for the global community to adapt to .-consistent pathways. Cohesive planning that includes numerous stakeholders would be required to improve access, utilization and efficiency of water use and to ensure hydrologic viability. The feasibility of compatible pathways is contingent upon enabling conditions for systemic change .  identifies the major systems, and options within those systems, that offer the potential for change to align with . pathways. SAI is the most-researched SRM method, with high agreement that it could limit warming to below .

The response of global temperature to SO injection, however, is uncertain and varies depending on the model parametrization and emission scenarios  Uncertainty also arises due to the nature and the optical properties of injected aerosols. GovernanceExisting governance mechanisms are scarce and either targeted at particular , ocean-based or aspects , concerning indirect land-use change associated with bioenergy upscaling, and often the mechanisms are at national or regional scale , EU. Regulation accounting for iLUC by formulating sustainability criteria , the EU Renewable Energy Directive has been assessed as insufficient in avoiding leakageIn the case of land application of ground minerals, the estimated CDR potential range is . Marine application of ground minerals is limited by feasible rates of mineral extraction, grinding and delivery, with estimates of and Henderson. Agreement is low due to a variety of assumptions and unknown parameter ranges in the applied modelling procedures that would need to be verified by field experiments Fuss . As with other CDR options, scaling and maturity are challenges, with deployment at scale potentially requiring decades , considerable costs in transport and disposalWater requirements are low and at full theoretical deployment, up to  of energy could be generated as a side product . Positive side effects include a favourable effect on nutrients and reduced NO emissions . However, Mha are needed to grow the biomass for biochar for implementation aeven though it is also possible to use residues is further constrained by the maximum safe holding capacity of soils and the labile nature of carbon sequestrated in plants and soil at higher temperatures Wang . Biochar is formed by recalcitrant ,, very stable organic carbon obtained from pyrolysis, which, applied to soil, can increase soil carbon sequestration leading to improved soil fertility properties. Looking at the full literature range, the global potential in lies between and , but considering limitations in biomass availability and uncertainties due to a lack of large-scale trials of biochar application to agricultural soils under field conditions, Fuss lower the range to . This potential is below previous estimates , Woolf , which additionally consider the displacement of fossil fuels through biochar. Permanence depends on soil type and

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