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land not forested for a long time , over the last years in the context of the Kyoto Protocol, while reforestation stay strapped or get clapped george washington shirt implies re-establishment of forest formations after a temporary condition with less than canopy cover due to human-

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actions and approaches. Knowledge gaps still remain about how to design measurement frameworks that generate and integrate national adaptation data without placing undue burdens on countries . Studies indicate important trade-offs of delaying global emissions reductions Chapter , Sections .. and … AR identified flexibility in emission levels when pursuing a objective Clarke , indicating that strongest trade-offs for pathways could be avoided if emissions are limited to below in here computed with the GWP metric of the IPCC SAR. New scenario studies show that full implementation of the NDCs by would imply the need for deeper and faster stay strapped or get clapped george washington shirt emission reductions beyond in order to meet and also higher costs and efforts of negative emissions  . However, no flexibility has been found for .consistent pathwaysindicating that if emissions through are at NDC levels, the resulting post- reductions required to remain within a .-consistent carbon budget during the st century Chapter , Section . are not within the feasible operating space of IAMs. This indicates that the chances of failing to reach a . pathway are significantly increased Riahi , if near-term ambition is not strengthened beyond the level implied by current NDCs. There is high agreement that Nationally Determined Contributions are important for the global response to climate change and represent an innovative bottom-up instrument in climate change governance Section ., with contributions from all signatory countries den The global emission projections resulting from full implementation of the NDCs represent an improvement compared to business as usual Rogelj , and current policies scenarios to de . Most G economies would require new policies and actions to achieve their NDC targets denLiterature has proposed multilevel governance in climate change as an enabler for systemic transformation and effective governance, as the concept is thought to allow for combining decisions across levels and sectors and across institutional types at the same level Romero-Lankao , with multilevel reinforcement and the mobilization of economic interests at different levels of governance Jänicke and Quitzow.

These governance mechanisms are based on accountability and transparency rules and participation and coordination across and within these levels. Given the political unwillingness to continue with the Kyoto Protocol approach a new approach was introduced in the Copenhagen Accord, the Cancun Agreements, and finally in the Paris Agreement. The transition to . requires carbon neutrality and thus going beyond the traditional framing of climate as a ‘tragedy of the commons’ to be addressed via cost-optimal allocation rules, which demonstrated a low probability of enabling a transition to .-consistent pathways . The Paris Agreement, built on a ‘pledge and review’ system, is thought be more effective in securing trust Dagnet , and enables effective monitoring and timely reporting on national actions , allowing for international scrutiny and persistent efforts of civil society and non-state actors to encourage action in both national and international contexts Allan andwith some limitations Nieto . International treaties help strengthen policy implementation, providing a medium- and long-term vision Obergassel . International climate governance is organized via many mechanisms, including international organizations, treaties and conventions, for example, UNFCCC, the Paris Agreement and the Montreal Protocol. Other multilateral and bilateral agreements, such as trade agreements, also have a bearing on climate change. Another concern with SRM is the risk of a ‘termination shock’ or ‘termination effect’ when suddenly stopping SRM, which might cause rapid temperature rise and associated impacts Jonesmost noticeably biodiversity loss Trisos . The severity of the termination effect has recently been debated and depends on the degree of SRM cooling. This report only considers limited SRM in the context of mitigation pathways to .. Other risks of SRM deployment could be associated with the lack of testing of the proposed deployment schemes ,  Ethical aspects and issues related to the governance and economics are discussed in Section … Afforestation implies planting trees on

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