Uncertainties in climate change at different scales and capacities to respond combined with the complexities of coupled social and ecological systems point to a need for diverse and adaptive implementation options within boston terrier btvengers marvel avengers dogs lover shirt and among different regions involving different actors. The large regional diversity
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the potential for a decrease in food security in developing countries. The study suggests that the worst situation arises from a scenario of severe climate change, low economic growth, continuing large population increases, and little farm-level adaptation. In order to minimize possible adverse consequences, like production losses, food price increases, environmental stresses, and an increase in the number of people at risk of hunger, the way forward is to encourage the agricultural sector to continue to develop crop breeding and management programmes for heat and drought conditions, in combination with measures taken to preserve the environment, to use resources more efficiently, and to slow the growth of the human population of the world. The latter step would also be consistent with efforts to slow emissions of greenhouse gases, and thus the rate and eventual magnitude of global climate change. The remaining carbon budget calculation presented in the Table . and illustrated in ure . does not consider additional Earth system feedbacks such as permafrost thawing. These are boston terrier btvengers marvel avengers dogs lover shirt uncertain but estimated to reduce the remaining carbon budget by an order of magnitude of about GtCO and more thereafter. Accounting for such feedbacks would make the carbon budget more applicable for temperature targets, but would also increase uncertainty Table . and see below. Excluding such feedbacks, the assessed range for the remaining carbon budget is estimated to berespectively, with a median non-CO warming contribution and starting from January onward. Consistent with the approach used in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report , the latter estimates use global near-surface air temperatures both over the ocean and over land to estimate global surface temperature change since pre-industrial. The global warming from the pre-industrial period until the reference period is estimated to amount to . with an uncertainty range of about .
Three methodological improvements lead to these estimates of the remaining carbon budget being about GtCO larger than those reported in Table . of the IPCC AR SYR . The AR used Earth System Models and Earth-system Models of Intermediate Complexity to derive an estimate of the remaining carbon budget. Their approach hence made implicit assumptions about the level of warming to date, the future contribution of non-CO emissions, and the temperature response to CO . In this report, each of these aspects are considered explicitly. When estimating global warming until the reference period as a blend of near-surface air temperature over land and sea-ice regions, and sea-surface temperature over open ocean, by averaging the four global mean surface temperature time series listed in Chapter Section ., the global warming would amount to .. Using the latter estimate of historical warming and projecting global warming using global near-surface air temperatures from model projections leads to remaining carbon budgets for limiting global warming to . of , and GtCO for the rd, th, and th percentile of TCRE, respectively. Note that future research and ongoing observations over the next years will provide a better indication as to how the base period compares with the long-term trends and might affect the budget estimates. Similarly, improved understanding in Earth system feedbacks would result in a better quantification of their impacts on remaining carbon budgets for . and . Barriers for transitioning from climate change mitigation and adaptation planning to practical policy implementation include finance, information, technology, public attitudes, social values and practices Whitmarsh , Corner and Clarke, and human resource constraints. Institutional capacity to deploy available knowledge and resources is also needed Mimura . Incorporating strong linkages across sectors, devolution of power and resources to sub-national and local governments with the support of national government, and facilitating partnerships among public, civic, private sectors and higher education institutions Leal Filho , can help in the implementation of identified response options . Implementation challenges of . pathways are larger than for those that are consistent with limiting warming to well below , particularly concerning scale and speed of the transition and the distributional impacts on ecosystems and socio-economic actors.
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