potentially adversely impacted by CDR options. An international governance mechanism is only in place for great dane gdvengers marvel avengers dogs lover shirt R&D of ocean fertilization within the Convention on Biological Diversity IMO, CBD, . There is low agreement in the technical literature on the permanence of CO in the ocean, with estimated residence times of ,
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adequate adaptive actions . In , a congestion charge was implemented in the Greater London area, with an enforcement and compliance scheme and an information campaign on the functioning of the scheme. Vehicles entering, leaving, driving or parking on a public road in the zone at weekdays at daytime pay a congestion charge of with some exemptions. Revenues were invested in London’s bus network , cycling facilities, and road safety measures . The number of cars entering the zone decreased by in and . In the charging zone, vehicle kilometres driven decreased by in the first year and a further a year later, while CO emissions from road traffic reduced by . Adaptation efforts tend to focus on infrastructural and technological solutions with lower emphasis great dane gdvengers marvel avengers dogs lover shirt on socio-cognitive and finance aspects of adaptation. For example, flooding policies in cities focus on infrastructure projects and regulation such as building codes, and hardly target individual or household . Habits, heuristics and biases.Decisions are often not based on weighing costs and benefits, but on habit or automaticity, both of individuals and within organizations and institutions Munck . When habits are strong, individuals are less perceptive of information , and may not consider alternatives as long as outcomes are good enough Maréchal. Habits are mostly only reconsidered when the situation changed significantly Hence, strategies that create the opportunity for reflection and encourage active decisions can break habits Steg . Mitigation and adaptation behaviour is affected by many factors that shape which options are feasible and considered by individuals. Besides contextual factors see other sub-sections in Section , these include abilities and different types of motivation to engage in behaviour. Planning in Manizales remains mindful of steep gradients through its longstanding Slope Guardian programme that trains women and keeps records of vulnerable households. Planning also looks to include mitigation opportunities and enhance local capacity through participatory engagement Hardoy and Velásquez Barrero.
Institutions would need to interact with one another and align across scales to ensure that rules and regulations are followed Chaffin and Gunderson, Young. The institutional architecture required for a . world would include the growing proportion of the world’s population that live in peri-urban and informal settlements and engage in informal economic activity . This population, amongst the most exposed to perturbed climates in the world Hallegatte , is also beyond the direct reach of some policy instruments Jaglin, Thieme. Strategies that accommodate the informal rules of the game adopted by these populations have large chances of success McGranahan , Kaika. The general public can be characterized as oblivious to and worried about . An emerging literature discusses public perception of SRM, showing a lack of knowledge and unstable opinions . The perception of controllability affects legitimacy and public acceptability of SRM experiments Bellamy . In Germany, laboratory work on SRM is generally approved of, field research much less so, and immediate deployment is largely rejected . Various factors could explain variations in the degree of rejection of SRM between Canada, China, Germany, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States Visschers . Environment could play a role in governance of SRM Nicholson . Each of these organizations has relevance with respect to the regulatory framework Bodle , Williamson and Bodle. The UNCBD gives guidance that ‘that no climate-related geo-engineering activities that may affect biodiversity take place’ . Some of the literature on SRM appears in the forms of commentaries, policy briefs, viewpoints and opinions , Horton , Keith , Parson. This assessment covers original research rather than viewpoints, even if the latter appear in peer-reviewed journals. Burns and Nicholson propose a human rights-based approach to protect those
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