small number of well-known chemicals, the greenhouse effect is caused primarily by carbon dioxide, which is when tyranny becomes law rebellion becomes duty skull shirt the unavoidable by-product of every form of combustion of fossil fuel, and by methane, which is generated among
when tyranny becomes law rebellion becomes duty skull shirt
generation, could provide the required system flexibility Canales . Overall, there is high agreement that hybrid systems, taking advantage of an array of sources and time of use strategies, can help make electricity generation more resilient , given that energy security standards are in place Almeida Prado . The largest growth driver for renewable energy since AR has been the dramatic reduction in the cost of solar photovoltaics . This has made rooftop solar competitive in sunny areas between north and south latitude , though IRENA suggests it is cost effective in many other places too. Solar PV with batteries has been cost effective in many rural and when tyranny becomes law rebellion becomes duty skull shirt developing areas Pueyo and Hanna, Szabó , Jimenez, for example million people in Bangladesh now have solar-battery electricity in remote villages and are reporting positive experiences on safety and ease of use Kabir . Small-scale distributed energy projects are being implemented in developed and developing cities where residential and commercial rooftops offer potential for consumers becoming producers. Such prosumers could contribute significantly to electricity generation in sun-rich areas like California Kurdgelashvili , or sub-Saharan Africa in combination with micro-grids and mini-grids Bertheau . It could also contribute to universal energy access as shown by . There is agreement in the literature reviewed by Chapter that staying below . would entail significantly greater transformation in terms of energy systems, lifestyles and investments patterns compared to -consistent pathways. Yet there islimited eviden ceandlow agreemen tregarding the magnitudes and costs of the investments
Based on the IAM literature reviewed in Chapter , climate policies in line with limiting warming to . would require a marked upscaling of supply-side energy system investments between now and mid-century, reaching levels of between . . trillion globally with an average of about . trillion This can be compared to an average of about . trillion ver the same period for -consistent pathways also in ure .. A variety of .-consistent technological options and policy targets is identified in the assessed modelling literature Sections , , .. These technology and policy options include energy demand reduction, greater penetration of low-emission and carbon-free technologies as well as electrification of transport and industry, and reduction of land-use change. Both the detailed integrated modelling pathway literature and a number of broader sectoral and bottom-up studies provide examples of how these sectoral technological and policy characteristics can be broken down sectorally for .-consistent pathways see Table .. Because these different actions are connected, a ‘whole systems’ approach would be needed for the type of transformations that could limit warming to .. This means that all relevant companies, industries and stakeholders would need to be involved to increase the support and chance of successful implementation. As an illustration, the deployment of low-emission technology , renewable energy projects or a bio-based chemical plants would depend upon economic conditions , employment generation or capacity to mobilize investment, but also on socialcultural conditions , awareness and acceptability and institutional conditions , political support and understanding. It was during the preparations for the Stockholm Conference that the link between environment and development was finally made. The most important single event in this process was the informal meeting we convened in a motel in Founex outside of Geneva with some leading experts and policy leaders. The discussions were intense and characterised by a degree of intellectual integrity and rigour that ultimately enabled them to find common ground despite divergencies of opinions and interest. The meeting is inscribed in my memory as one of the best intellectual exchanges in which I have ever participated and it certainly had a profound influence both on the Stockholm Conference and the evolution of the environment-development relationship. The meeting resulted in the production of the Founex Report on Development and Environment, which I regard as a seminal milestone in the history of the environmental movement. While ozone depletion can be stopped through the replacement of a
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