implementation revolves around more than addressing barriers to feasibility. A system transition, be it in energy, dachshund dvengers marvel avengers dogs lover shirt industry, land or a city, requires changing the core parameters of a system. These relate, as introduced in Section . and further elaborated in Section , to how actors cooperate, how
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Committee NDC, nationally determined contribution NFU, National Farmers’ Union OPEC, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ppm, parts per million PV, photovoltaics R&D, research and development RAB, regulated asset base SUV, sport utility vehicle TWh, terawattour UNFCCC, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USO, universal service obligation VAT, value-added tax WTO, World Trade Organization INTRODUCTION It is not going well. Since there is only so much money to go around, divestment liberates the opportunity for investment elsewhere. Just to give one important example, investment in fossil fuels is unhelpful. However, divestment from them creates opportunity for Alphabetical Quick Tour investment in things we urgently need like renewables, green transport and direct capture of carbon from air. ’s most recent assessment was released in . It projects an increase in global temperature at greater than , but less than about above preindustrial temperatures. polarization over process of reports of Interior Department, U.S. internal combustion engine Internal Revenue Service International Association for Energy Economics International dachshund dvengers marvel avengers dogs lover shirt Atomic Energy Agency International Energy Agency International Energy Forum International Energy Treaty International Geophysical Year International Monetary Fund International Petroleum Exchange Internet Arab Awakening and cybercriminals and electricity and investment in biofuels Chinese in Chinese oil companies demand shock and in electricity in energy efficiency Exxon’s process for Iran and in Iraq in Kazakhstan in Qatar in renewables sovereign wealth funds and U.S. I covered the environmental beat for fifteen years before I became a father. Much of that time was spent overseas, where, like many other journalists, I saw more than my share of heartbreaking things happening to children. But they were always other people’s children. My first time was in the old Soviet Union, where I exposed a series of nuclear disasters that had been kept secret for decades by both the KGB and the CIA. estimated that human activity has caused the temperature to rise above preindustrial levels and predicted that if it crosses a threshold beyond ., it will unleash runaway feedback loops and a cascade of climate-change events that would decimate the Earth’s ecosystems. There would be no return to the kind of life we know today. ’s worst-case scenario was about in the middle of the MIT scientists’ estimates of likely outcomes.
As these ominous reports were released, the FINANCIAL TIMES devoted a full page to the optimistic expectations that the U.S. might become energy-independent for a century with new technology for extracting North American fossil fuels. synthesized the results from eighteen climate models used by groups around the world to estimate climate sensitivity and its uncertainty. They estimated that a doubling of CO would lead to an increase in global average temperature of about ., with an uncertainty spanning the range from about It’s amazing that Arrhenius, doing his calculations by hand and with very few data, came so close to the much more detailed calculations that can be done today. There are a number of CDR techniques, each with different potential for achieving ‘negative emissions’, as well as different associated costs and side effects. Knowledge gaps on how to build capabilities across all countries and regions globally to implement, maintain, manage, govern and further develop mitigation options for .. The potential for leapfrog technologies to be applied to slums and new urban developments in developing countries is weak. Table . summarizes the feasibility assessment through its six dimensions with levels of evidence and agreement and indicates how the feasibility of an adaptation option may be differentiated by certain contextual factors . Article of the Paris Agreement provides an aspirational global goal for adaptation, of ‘enhancing adaptive capacity, strengthening resilience, and reducing vulnerability’ . Adaptation implementation is gathering momentum in many regions, guided by national NDC’s and national adaptation plans see Cross-Chapter Box in this Chapter. Strengthening
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